QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF FEED INGREDIENTS UTILIZED IN FEED FORMULATION ARE THE DETERMINANT OF FEED QUALITY
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QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF FEED INGREDIENTS UTILIZED IN FEED FORMULATION ARE THE DETERMINANT OF FEED QUALITY
PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS ON QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF FEED INGREDIENTS UTILIZED IN FEED FORMULATION ARE THE DETERMINANT OF FEED QUALITY
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Feeds and feeding is an integral
part of pig production that claim between 60-75% cost of production and
at the same time dictates the production strength and quality based on
the observed feeding regime and feeding quality. Quality and quantity of
feed ingredients utilized in feed formulation are the determinant of
feed quality. These ingredients could be grouped as main (bulk),
supplement (small) or micro (minute) ingredients depending on their
inclusion rate. However they are all inevitable for good performance of
the animals.
It is of great importance in livestock improvement
to supplement for protein and other available nutrients which might be
limiting in the diet of the animal. In animal nutrition, the provision
of nutrients needed by the animal through supplementation is usually
done in accordance to the animal’s requirements.
It is a
necessity to supply all the required nutrients by the animal in its
diet, but the major limiting factors to achieving this are the sourcing
of cheap, available and quality nutrients with the price been the most
prominent. The prices of these protein sources have been escalating
continuously in recent times, whilst availability is often erratic. The
problem has been worsened due to the increasing competition between
humans and livestock for these protein ingredients as food. According to
Odunsi (2003) the rapid growth of human and livestock population, which
is creating increased needs for food and feed in the less developed
countries, demand that alternative feed resources must be identified and
evaluated.
In high populated countries that are Food-Deficit
like Nigeria, surplus of cereals is generally not available; therefore,
it is not advisable to develop a wholly grain-based feeding system. The
recommended policy is to identify and use locally available feed
resources to formulate diets that are as balanced as possible (Guèye and
Branckaert, 2002). There is the need, therefore, to explore the use of
non-conventional feed sources that have the capacity to yield the same
output as conventional feeds, and perhaps at cheaper cost.
Soya
bean meal and fish meal have been widely and successfully used as
conventional protein sources for livestock but due to the high
competition of these food and feed materials between man and animal,
they are gradually being replaced with non-convectional protein sources
like the moringa leaf meal for the formulation of animal feed.
This
strategy could help reduce the cost of production, and ensure cheaper
meat production thereby making available the major crops for human
consumption. The economization of feed cost using cheaper and
unconventional feed resources (Vasanthakumar et al., 1999; Bhatt and
Sharma, 2001; Muriu et al., 2002) is an important aspect of commercial
pig production.
Recently, there has been interest in the
utilization of moringa (Moringa oleifera) commonly called horseradish
tree or drumstick tree, as a protein source for livestock (Makker and
Becker, 1997; Sarwatt et al., 2002). Moringa leaves have quality
attributes that make it a potential replacement for soybean meal or fish
meal in non-ruminant diets. Moringa can easily be established in the
field, has good coppicing ability, as well as good potential for forage
production. Furthermore, there is the possibility of obtaining large
amounts of high quality forage from moringa without expensive inputs due
to favorable soil and climatic conditions for its growth. Sarwattet al.
(2004) reported that moringa foliages are a potential inexpensive
protein source for livestock feeding. The advantages of using moringa
for a protein resource are numerous, and include the fact that it is a
perennial plant that can be harvested several times in one growing
season and also has the potential to reduce feed cost. Moringa oleifera
is in the group of high-yielding nutritious browse plants with every
part having food value (Duke, 1998).
Despite the high crude
protein content of moringa leaf meal, there is little information
available on the use of this unconventional feed resource, especially as
an alternative protein supplement for pig production.
The objectives of the study were to:
Evaluate the chemical content of cultivated, air-dried moringa leaf meal.
Evaluate the chemical content of wet brewers spent grain.
Evaluate feed intake and weight gain of weaner pigs fed diets containing moringa leaf meal and brewers spent grain.
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Feeds and feeding is an integral part of pig production that claim between 60-75% cost of production and at the same time dictates the production strength and quality based on the observed feeding regime and feeding quality. Quality and quantity of feed ingredients utilized in feed formulation are the determinant of feed quality. These ingredients could be grouped as main (bulk), supplement (small) or micro (minute) ingredients depending on their inclusion rate. However they are all inevitable for good performance of the animals... agricultural science project topics
QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF FEED INGREDIENTS UTILIZED IN FEED FORMULATION ARE THE DETERMINANT OF FEED QUALITY