1.1 BACKGROUNG OF STUDY
1.1.1 Phyllantus
This is a genus of the family Euphorbiaceae. It was first identified in Central and Southern India in 18th century. It is called carry me seed, stone-breaker, wind breaker, gulf leaf flower or gala of wind, (Bharatiya 1992).
There are over 300 genera with over 5,000 species in the Euphorbiaceae world wide. The Phyllantus is one of the genus that falls under this enormous family. Phyllantus
has about 750-800 species, found in tropical and subtropical regions.
Green medicine is safe and more dependable than the costly synthetic
drugs, many of which have adverse side effects (Joseph and Raj, 2010).
The use of medicinal plants by man for the treatment of diseases has
been in practice for a very long time. Screening of compounds obtained
from plants for their pharmacological activity has resulted in the
isolation of innumerable therapeutic agents.
Over 50% of all modern chemical
drugs are of natural plant product origin and is essential in drug
development programs of the pharmaceutical industry (Burton et. al
1983).
1.1.2 Phyllantus amarus (P. amarus)
P. amarus is an erect
annual herb of not more than one and half feet tall and has small leaves
and yellow flowers. It is a broad medicinal plant that has received
world-wide recognition (Srividiya and Perival, 1995).
In herbal medicine, P. amarus has
reportedly been used to treat jaundice, diabetes, otitis, diarrhea,
swelling, skin ulcer, gastrointestinal disturbances and blocks DNA
polymerase in the case of hepatitis B virus during reproduction,
(Oluwafemi, and Debiri, 2008).
In Nigeria, it is called
“Oyomokeisoamankedem” in Efik, “Iyin Olobe” in Yoruba and “Ebebenizo” in
Bini (Etta, 2008). In traditional medicine, it is used for its
hepatoprotective, anti-diabetic, antihypertensive, analgesic,
anti-inflammatory and anti- microbial properties (Adeneye et al; 2006).
The plant is also used in the treatment of stomach disorders, skin
diseases and cold (Kokwaro, 1976; Iwu, 1993). It has anti-diarrhoea
effect (Odetola and Akojenu, 2000). Its anti-viral activity against
hepatitis B virus has been established (Thyagarajan et al; 1988, Wang et
al; 1995), anti- carcinogenic (Joy and Kuttan, 1998), anti mutagenic
activities (Joy and Kuttan, 1998), antiplasmodial (Soh et al. 2009).
Plants contain numerous
constituents, some tend to possess some level of toxicity. Cases of this
toxicity in plants have been reported (Santox et al; 1995, Shaw et al;
1997, Kaplowitz, 1997). P. amarus has been classified among
plants with a low potential for toxicity, with an LD50 averaging
2000mg/kg 1day (Krithika and Verma, 2009).
1.1.3 Phyllantus niruri (P. niruri)
P. niruri is commonly called stone breaker, also known as “Chanca piedra”. It belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. P. niruri is similar to P. amarus. It is a wide spread tropical plant commonly found in coastal areas that grows 40-70cm tall (Chukwuma, 2012).
In Nigeria, it is called
enyikwonwa and ngwu in Ibo, Oyokeso amanke edem in Efik, geeron-
tsemtsaayee in Hausa, ehin olobe and yin-olobe in Yoruba (Chukwuma,
2012).
Although P. niruri is
considered a problematic weed to formers it is a valuable medicinal
plant. (Oudhia and Tripathi, 2002), and holds a reputed position in
both Ayurvedic and Unani system of medicine. Recently, it has attracted
the attention of researchers, because of its hepatoprotective (ability
to prevent damage to the liver) properties. No effective specific
therapy is available for viral Hepatitis but P. niruri has shown clinical efficiency in viral Heptatis B (Paranjape, 2001).
P. niruri is an annual
plant, its stem is angular with numerous distichous, ellipticoblong
leaves. Flowers are yellow and very numerous; monoecious with 1-3
staminate flowers and solitary pistillate flower borne axillary. Fruits
capsule, very small, globose, smooth, seeds 3-gonous, longitudinally
ribbed on the back. Seed to seed cycle occurs in two or four weeks
(Caius 1986), (Agharkar 1991). Its root, leaves, fruits, milky juice and
whole plants are used as medicine. According to Ayurvedic system of
medicine it is considered acrid, cooling, aleixipharmic and useful in
thirst, bronchitis, leprosy, anemia, urinary disharge, anuria,
boiliousness, asthma, for hiccups, and as a diuretic. According to Unani
system of medicine, it is stomachic and good for sores and useful in
Chromic dysentery. Fruits useful for tubercular ulcers, wounds, sores,
scabies and ring worm (Agharkar 1991, Krishanamurty 1993). The fresh
root is believed to be an excellent remedy for jaundice.
In many parts of India, it is
commonly used for the treatment of snake bite. The active compounds
phyllanthin and hypophyllanthim, nirtetralin and phyltetralin have been
isolated from leaves, (Rastogi and Mehrotra, 1991). The plant is used
as a fish poison. In many parts of India especially in deserts, the
roots mixed with Commiphora mukul are given to camels to cure indigestion. The decoction of leaves and stem are used for dying cotton black, (Singh et al; 1996).
P. niruri is one of the medicinal plants used to treat malaria in India and Nigeria. P. niruri has
been used traditionally to treat various illnesses including renal
stones, gastrointestinal disturbance, cough, hepatitis, gonoorhea, fever
and malaria. It has also been reported to posses hypoglycemic activity
(Hukuri, et al; 1988), angiotension converting enzyme inhibition (Ueno,
et al; 1988), lipid lowering activity (Khanna, et al; 2002), anti HIV
activity (Qian cutron, et al; 1996) and anti cancer activity
(Giridharan, et al; 2002).
1.2 Aim and objectives
This study is aimed at showing
which of the plants above is more effective in the treatment of diseases
caused by micro-organisms based in the natural products present in
them.
The specific objecti ves include;
a. Determination of antibacterial effect of P. amarus and P. niruri.
b. Determination of anti fungal effect of P. amarus and P. niruri.